Pubertal developmental, body mass index, and cardiovascular autonomic function in children and adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: a four-time point accelerated longitudinal study

Muscatello, Rachael A.; Cola, Meredith; Vandekar, Simon; Corbett, Blythe A.

doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09602-y

Table 4 Aim 2: Model Estimates for Age, Diagnosis, Sex, Medication, BMI at Y1, and Change in BMI on Autonomic Outcomes

From: Pubertal developmental, body mass index, and cardiovascular autonomic function in children and adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: a four-time point accelerated longitudinal study

Parameter	Estimate	rdf	95% CI	t	p-value	d
RSA
Intercept	6.371	227.780	5.368, 7.374	12.514	< 0.001	1.727
Diagnosis: ASD	−0.048	231.515	−0.274, 0.179	−0.416	0.678	−0.057
Sex: Female	−0.074	214.955	−0.297, 0.149	−0.654	0.514	−0.090
Medication Use: Yes	−0.334	516.189	−0.523, −0.145	−3.476	< 0.001	−0.480
Time	−0.058	323.718	−0.168, 0.053	−1.029	0.304	−0.142
Age	0.049	221.661	−0.043, 0.140	1.042	0.298	0.144
Y1 BMI Percentile	−0.006	218.885	−0.009, −0.002	−3.325	0.001	−0.459
BMI Change	−0.004	552.010	−0.009, 0.001	−1.456	0.146	−0.201
σ²_Error	0.506
σ²_Participant	0.354
PEP
Intercept	70.603	209.661	58.163, 83.044	11.188	< 0.001	1.544
Diagnosis: ASD	0.203	212.170	−2.619, 30.25	0.142	0.887	0.020
Sex: Female	0.623	193.728	−2.172, 3.417	0.439	0.661	0.061
Medication Use: Yes	−0.267	509.991	−2.271, 1.737	−0.262	0.794	−0.036
Time	1.52	263.965	0.208, 2.832	2.281	0.023	0.315
Age	1.86	207.229	0.717, 3.003	3.207	0.002	0.443
Y1 BMI Percentile	0.019	196.264	−0.023, 0.062	0.906	0.366	0.125
BMI Change	−0.003	419.181	−0.054, 0.048	−0.116	0.908	−0.016
σ²_Error	38.335
σ²_Participant	67.341
CAB
Intercept	−1.576	219.689	−3.235, 0.083	−1.872	0.063	−0.258
Diagnosis: ASD	−0.02	226.471	−0.397, 0.357	−0.103	0.918	−0.014
Sex: Female	0.026	206.319	−0.344, 0.397	0.14	0.888	0.019
Medication Use: Yes	−0.333	508	−0.626, −0.039	−2.227	0.026	−0.307
Time	−0.147	293.334	−0.326, 0.032	−1.617	0.107	−0.223
Age	0.18	215.275	0.027, 0.332	2.325	0.021	0.321
Y1 BMI Percentile	−0.004	209.444	−0.010, 0.001	−1.488	0.138	−0.205
BMI Change	−0.005	459.063	−0.013, 0.003	−1.243	0.215	−0.172
σ²_Error	0.936
σ²_Participant	1.069
CAR
Intercept	1.989	203.626	0.464, 3.514	2.572	0.011	0.355
Diagnosis: ASD	−0.018	209.618	−0.365, 0.328	−0.103	0.918	−0.014
Sex: Female	−0.094	190.720	−0.435, 0.247	−0.543	0.588	−0.075
Medication Use: Yes	−0.374	497.238	−0.641, −0.108	−2.762	0.006	−0.381
Time	0.099	270.722	−0.013, −0.003	1.196	0.233	0.165
Age	−0.12	199.751	−0.260, 0.20	−1.691	0.092	−0.233
Y1 BMI Percentile	−0.008	193.561	−0.013, −0.003	−3.079	0.002	−0.425
BMI Change	−0.002	443.460	−0.009, 0.005	−0.505	0.614	−0.070
σ²_Error	0.753
σ²_Participant	0.921

Bold indicates significance at p < 0.05. rdf = residual degrees of freedom; CI = Confidence Interval; d = Cohen’s d; σ²_Error = Error Variance; σ²_Participant = Random Effects Variance

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ISSN: 1866-1955

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Table 4 Aim 2: Model Estimates for Age, Diagnosis, Sex, Medication, BMI at Y1, and Change in BMI on Autonomic Outcomes

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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