Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants included in the analyses

Age [M(SD)]

12.4 (2.4)

12.7 (2.6)

t(92) = −0.600, p = 0.550

Sex [n(%Female)]

26 (54.2%)

22 (47.8%)

χ² = 0.17, p = 0.683

Ethnicity [n(%Hispanic)]

2 (4.2%)

3 (6.5%)

χ² < 0.01, p = 0.961

Race

 [n(%American Indian/

Alaska Native)]

3 (6.2%)

0 (0%)

χ² = 1.29, p = 0.256

 [n(%Asian)]

2 (4.2%)

1 (2.2%)

χ² = 0.00, p = 1.0

 [n(%Black or African

American)]

7 (14.6%)

0 (0%)

χ² = 5.29, p = 0.022

 [n(%Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander)]

1 (2.1%)

0 (0%)

χ² = 0.00, p = 1.000

 [n(%White)]

21 (43.8%)

44 (95.7%)

χ² = 27.28, p < 0.001

 [n(%Other)]

1 (2.1%)

0 (0%)

χ² = 0.00, p = 1.000

 [n(%Multiracial)]

13 (27.1%)

1 (2.2%)

χ² = 9.62, p = 0.002

 Handedness [n(%Right)]†

35 (72.9%)

39 (84.8%)

χ² = 0.42, p = 0.518

Physical characteristics

^aGrowth Deficiency

7 (14.6%)

4 (8.7%)

χ² = 0.32, p = 0.571

^bMicrocephaly

6 (12.5%)

0 (0%)

χ² = 4.23, p = 0.040

^cDysmorphic Face

12 (25%)

2 (4.3%)

χ² = 6.36, p = 0.012

FASD Diagnosis

 FAS [n(%FAS)]

2 (4.2%)

NA

 PFAS [n(%pFAS)]

11 (22.9%)

NA

 ARND [n(%ARND)]

35 (72.9%)

NA

 ADHD Diagnosis [n(%ADHD)]

30 (62.5%)

1 (0.02%)

χ² = 38.68, p < 0.001

Stimulant use [n(%Prescribed stimulant medication)]

21 (43.8%)

2 (0.04%)

χ² = 19.73, p < 0.001