The developmental phenotype of motor delay in extremely preterm infants following early-life respiratory adversity is influenced by brain dysmaturation in the parietal lobe

Table 3 Differences in brain volume residuals at term equivalent age between the two respiratory trajectory groups

	Respiratory Trajectories
	Improving	Delayed improvement
	n = 31	n = 48	P-value	Adjusted P-value*
Structural brain volume residuals¹, cm³, mean (SD)
Total tissue volume²	22.3 (29.6)	−14.4 (49.7)	< 0.001	0.004
Total tissue volume minus Brainstem and cerebellum	19.7 (26.8)	−12.7 (43.8)	< 0.001	0.007
Brainstem	0.3 (0.6)	−0.2 (0.8)	0.004	0.077
Cerebellum³	0.1 (0.2)	−0.1 (0.3)	0.001	0.009
Cortical gray matter³	0.1 (0.1)	−0.0 (0.2)	0.001	0.023
Cortical white matter	9.7 (12.5)	−6.3 (21.5)	< 0.001	0.004
Subcortical gray nuclei	1.1 (1.8)	−0.7 (3.0)	0.003	0.027
Lobe brain volume residuals¹, cm³, mean (SD)
Frontal lobe	7.5 (10.1)	−4.9 (16.0)	< 0.001	0.006
Parietal lobe	4.8 (7.0)	−3.1 (10.8)	< 0.001	0.017
Temporal lobe³	0.1 (0.1)	−0.0 (0.1)	< 0.001	0.027
Occipital lobe	2.4 (4.9)	−1.6 (6.7)	0.005	0.082
Insula	0.6 (0.9)	−0.4 (1.2)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Limbic lobe	0.8 (2.4)	−0.5 (2.6)	0.036	0.466

¹Brain volume residuals were calculated after adjusting for sex and linear and quadratic postmenstrual ages (i.e., gestational age plus postnatal age) at MRI.
Brain volume residuals: \({R}_{i}={Y}_{i}-{\widehat{Y}}_{i},\)
where \({R}_{i}\) is Brain volume residual, \({Y}_{i}\) is Brain volume, and \({\widehat{Y}}_{i}={b}_{0}+{b}_{1}\times \text{Male}+{b}_{2}\times \text{P}\text{M}\text{A}+{b}_{2}\times {\text{P}\text{M}\text{A}}^{2}\)
where \({b}_{i}\)’s are corresponding estimated coefficients by calculating from the linear regression model
* Bonferroni’s correction

ISSN: 1866-1955