Table 1 Characteristics of children and mothers according to sOT exposure status, ECHO study (N = 12,503)

Total

6,014 (48%)

6,489 (52%)

Child characteristics

ASD diagnosis, N (%) with data

No

5,558 (92.42%)

6,094 (93.91%)

Yes

456 (7.58%)

395 (6.09%)

Missing

0

0

Child age at ASD diagnosis

Mean (SD)

3.00 (2.49)

3.86 (3.00)

Missing

35

44

ADHD diagnosis, N (%) with data

No

5,586 (92.88%)

5,844 (90.06%)

Yes

428 (7.12%)

645 (9.94%)

Missing

0

0

Child age at ADHD diagnosis

Mean (SD)

7.10 (2.93)

6.81 (2.66)

Missing

54

54

Child sex at birth, N (%) with data

Male

3,190 (53.04%)

3,370 (51.93%)

Female

2,824 (46.96%)

3,119 (48.07%)

Missing

0

0

Child race, N (%) with data

American Indian or Alaska Native

56 (< 1%)

148 (2.35%)

Asian

345 (5.94%)

249 (3.96%)

Black

1,135 (19.55%)

1,197 (19.02%)

Multiple race

765 (13.18%)

676 (10.74%)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

21 (< 1%)

11 (< 1%)

Other race

192 (3.31%)

180 (2.86%)

White

3,292 (56.7%)

3,833 (60.9%)

Missing

208

195

Child ethnicity, N (%) with data

Hispanic

1,464 (24.53%)

1,321 (20.47%)

Non-Hispanic

4,504 (75.47%)

5,133 (79.53%)

Missing

46

35

Preterm birth, N (%) with data

Yes

546 (9.09%)

1,311 (20.23%)

No

5,461 (90.91%)

5,168 (79.77%)

Missing

7

10

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

Mean (SD)

38.60 (2.56)

37.16 (4.50)

Missing

23

31

Large for gestational age, N (%) with data

Yes

969 (16.29%)

1,052 (16.6%)

No

4,980 (83.71%)

5,285 (83.4%)

Missing

65

152

Child year of birth, N (%) with data

<2005

441 (7.33%)

495 (7.63%)

2006–2010

1,075 (17.87%)

1,231 (18.97%)

2011–2015

1,775 (29.51%)

2,630 (40.53%)

2016–2022

2,723 (45.28%)

2,133 (32.87%)

Missing

0

0

Maternal characteristics

Maternal age at delivery

Mean (SD)

29.84 (5.61)

29.91 (5.62)

Missing

18

31

Maternal race, N (%) with data

American Indian or Alaska Native

55 (< 1%)

170 (2.75%)

Asian

473 (8.35%)

328 (5.31%)

Black

1,125 (19.85%)

1,182 (19.14%)

Multiple race

306 (5.4%)

297 (4.81%)

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

27 (< 1%)

17 (< 1%)

Other race

182 (3.21%)

170 (2.75%)

White

3,499 (61.74%)

4,013 (64.97%)

Missing

347

312

Maternal ethnicity, N (%) with data

Hispanic

1,199 (20.12%)

1,090 (16.96%)

Non-Hispanic

4,759 (79.88%)

5,337 (83.04%)

Missing

56

62

Highest maternal education ever assessed,

N (%) with data

High school degree, GED or

equivalent and below

959 (16.13%)

1,149 (18.1%)

Some college, no degree; Associate’s degree

1,771 (29.79%)

1,822 (28.7%)

Bachelor’s degree and above

3,214 (54.07%)

3,378 (53.21%)

Missing

70

140

Pre-pregnancy obesity, N (%) with data

Yes

1,553 (28.75%)

1,548 (26.67%)

No

3,848 (71.25%)

4,257 (73.33%)

Missing

613

684

Gestational diabetes mellitus, N (%) with data

Yes

531 (9.02%)

381 (7.24%)

No

5,359 (90.98%)

4,884 (92.76%)

Missing

124

1,224